A level Chemistry

Electronegativity Electronegativity is the measure of attraction to a pair of electrons in bonded atoms. In H₂ there is covalent boding but due to both atoms being the same (H-H) there is no specific pull as their electronegativity is the same.  There is an increase of electronegativity towards the top right with the most electronegative being fluorine. The figure shown below best represents the Pauling scale - a scale that measures electronegativity in different elements using the respective location in the periodic table. A large Pauling value indicates atoms of elements that are highly electronegative. It is worth noting the following rules:     - Noble gases are not included as they generally don't tend to form compounds     - Non-metals tend to be the most electronegative among these are;          - Oxygen          - Nitrogen          -  Fluorine          -Chlorine If we take a scenario with HCl we can see that chlorine is highly electronegative when compared to hydroge

OIL RIG These two words you are undoubtable familiar with since GCSE chemistry - or at least I would hope so! OIL RIG refers to oxidation and reduction, you may ask: what are these two terms? Well the definitions are simple: Oxidation refers to the loss of electrons or the gaining of oxygen. Reduction is the polar opposite as it refers to the gain of electrons and the loss of oxygen. Oxidation and reduction are like two of your friends who really like each other and they never stop being together (weird analogy I know) as they always go hand in hand, somewhat of a package deal: you buy one, you get one free! When there is a reaction where reduction takes place, oxidation won't be far behind and vice versa, this is because when reduction occurs oxidation must take place also. It like that cringe quote: 'every action has an equal and opposite reaction.' which makes sense because they do the opposite of each other. When reduction and oxidation occurs in a reaction the

Intermolecular forces So intermolecular forces what are they all about?! In plain English, intermolecular forces are the smaller forces in a bigger equation and are simply forces between molecules. You can get a range of different bonds, the main ones we know are ionic and covalent bonds which are very strong when compared to these little intermolecular forces in between molecules. There are three different intermolecular forces you deal with at A level and trust me these little guys will become the bane of your life. These three types of bonds are known as hydrogen bonding, permanent dipoles and temporary dipoles. Hydrogen bonding Hydrogen bonding is the strongest type of intermolecular force and occurs in molecules containing a O-H, N-H or F-H bonds, this is due to oxygen, nitrogen and fluorine being the most electronegative elements which then creates something known as a dipole. These dipoles exist as delta negative and delta positive and refers the the distribution of e